3ºBilingüe

The batteries.

2008-06-17T15:18:00.003+02:00

The first battery was made by Alessandro Volta in 1799. This was a series of pairs of discs of zinc and copper, separated from each other by pieces of cardboard or felt impregnated water.
The battery more used is a battery Lenclanché. This battery was formed by a solution of ammonium chloride in which electrodes are immersed zinc and coal, cover for a paste of manganese dioxide and carbon dust.
The Batteries are a primary generator. This energy is accessible through two terminals that have the battery, called poles, electrodes, or terminals. One is the positive pole or the other is anode and the negative terminal or cathode. The fundamental structure of a battery consists of pieces of two different metals brought into a liquid conductor of electricity.

MELANOMA

2008-06-16T12:16:00.001+02:00

It is a non infectious and cell proliferation disease. There are two types: the malignant melanoma or melanocarcinome and the benign melanoma or pigmentary nevus.
The risk factors in the melanocarcinome are: sunbathing in excess and without solar protection, contact with UVA and UVB rays, suffering important sunburns frequently in the infancy, a family history with this disease or having many spots. The pigmentary nevus disease is congenital.
The treatments for the melanocarcinome are surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy and for the pigmentary nevus plastic surgery.
To prevent this disease you must protect yourself from the sun, UVB and UVA rays, use sunglasses and hats. You mustn’t sunbathe from 12h to 17h. You must supervise the growth of the spots because they can be malignant.
There is a ruler called A,B,C,D for checking the melanomas: Assymetry of their edges, Irregular Border, Different Colour and Diameter superior to 6 mm.

TUBERCULOSIS

2008-05-25T13:41:00.003+02:00

Tuberculosis is an infections disease produced by several mycobacterium classes such as as bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

It usually affects the lungs first, but it may spread to other organs.

This disease is transmited by the saliva by people infected with pulmonary tuberculosis during the respiratory efforts like the cough, when speaking, singing or sneezing.

The symptoms of tuberculosis are: weight loss, fever, night sweats and loss of appetite, although the symptons of this disease depend on the organ affected. The treatment for the tuberculosis consists of a lot of antibotics, like the isoniazid ,which should be taken from six to nine months. The healthy habits that can help us to prevent the tuberculosis are the vaccination with vacine BCG and others like cover the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, if the people are infected.

Steam Engine

2008-05-17T19:28:00.003+02:00

Steam Engine is an external-combustion heat engine that converts heat energy in steam to mechanical energy.
The first Steam Engine was invection per Eduard Somerset in 1663, since the Somerset's model was build in London a model called "Vauxhall" in 1665 in London. This project was to raise the water to the homes lighest in the construction.

In this year (1663-65):
- Battle of Villaviciosa, Alfonso VI of Portugal beat Felipe IV of Spain.
- Begin's reign of Carlos II of Spain.

The Steam Engine was very important for the industrial revolution and for the Steam Locomotive. In the actuality his mechanism is used in nuclear reactors.

The First Genetically Modified Human Embryo:

2008-05-16T00:49:00.003+02:00

The First Genetically Modified Human Embryo: Advance or Abomination?
By Brandon Keim EmailMay 12, 2008 | 10:58:22 AMCategories: Bioethics, Biotechnology, Reproduction

Scientists have created the first genetically modified human embryo.

What does this mean to you?

Led by Nikica Zaninovic, researchers at Cornell University added a green fluorescent protein to an embryo left over from assisted reproduction. They destroyed the embryo five days later. It is believed to be the first documented genetic modification of a human embryo.

British newspaper The Times reports that Zaninovic's feat was announced at the American Society for Reproductive Medicine annual meeting in 2007, but was only publicized recently when the United Kingdom's reproductive technology regulators reviewed the research. The House of Commons is about to consider legislation permitting this and other controversial reproductive technologies, such as the creation of chimeras -- human-animal hybrid embryos.

The research raises a number of thorny ethical questions. Though adding a fluorescent protein was not aimed at enhancement, but rather to illuminate developing embryos, scientists say that modified embryos could be used to research human diseases. They say embryos wouldn't be allowed to develop for more than a few weeks, much less implanted in a woman and brought to term.

If the embryos were allowed to develop, genetic modifications -- which would be permanent and passed to future generations -- might prevent disease. Modifications might also be used for other reasons -- physical appearance, intellectual prowess, personality -- though the necessary science remains hypothetical at this point. Developing such techniques would necessarily entail trial-and-error and risk-taking with human life.

David King, director of Human Genetics Alert, a bioethics watchdog group, told The Times that

"This is the first step on the road that will lead to the nightmare of designer babies and a new eugenics. The HFEA is right to say that the creation and legalisation of GM embryos raises ‘large ethical and public interest issues’ but neglects to mention that these have not been debated at all."

So let's have that debate. What do you think, Wired Science readers? Should genetically modified embryos be used in research, but not reproduction? Both? Neither?

The Smallpox

2008-05-14T10:16:00.004+02:00

The smallpox is an infectous disease that is caused by the virus of the smallpox. Smallpox normally spreads through contact with infectted persons. There isn`t any medicine but there is a vacine. The symthomes are that appear raised bumps, on the face and body of an infected person.

telephone

2008-05-11T15:47:00.001+02:00

The telephone is a device of telecommunication designed to transmit vocal signs by means of electrical signs. For a long time Alexander Graham Bell was considered to be the inventor of the telephone. This happen in 1876. On June 11, 2002 the Congress of The United States approved the resolution 269, by which was admitted that the inventor of the telephone had been Antonio Meucci, who called it television, and not Alexander Graham Bell. In 1871 Meucci only it could, for economic difficulties, present a brief description of his invention, but not formalize the patent before the Office of Patents of USA.

Barbara Lamas Rey

3ºB nº8

TV

2008-05-11T15:43:00.000+02:00

Of all those who contributed(paid) the most important they are the German engineer Nipkow, John Logie Baird, Ives , Jenkins y Vladimir Sworykin The original discovery of the " photo cables " in the middle of the 19th century (The word Television would not be used but until 1900). The first experimental life in USA. It(he,she) was in July, 1928 when from the experimental station W3XK of Washington, JENKINS began to transmit images explored principally of movies with certain regularity and with a definition of 48 Lines.

This transmissions were born to the television was of the mechanical order. The real revolution would not come but up to the beginning of the electronic TV begun with Sworykin's experiments.

MARTA TORRES GARCÍA

3ºB nº15

ENIAC

2008-05-09T11:37:00.002+02:00

ENIAC is an English acronym of Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer, used by the Laboratory of Ballistic Investigation of the Army of the United States.

The ENIAC was built in the University of Pennsylvania by John Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly. It occupied a surface of 167 m² and it operated with a total of 17.468 electronic valves. Physically, the ENIAC had 17.468 valves, 7.200 glass diodes, 1.500 relay, 70.000 resistances, 10.000 condensers and 5 million welding. It weighed 27 tn, 2,4 m measured x 0,9 m x 30 m; it used 1.500 electromagnetic switches and ;relay it required the manual operation of about 6.000 switches, and their program or software, when it required modifications, it took weeks of manual installation.

The ENIAC elevated the temperature from the local to 50ºC. To make the different operations to the there was him to change, to connect and to reconnect the cables. This work could last several days depending on the calculation that was carried out.

The ENIAC had a consumption of 160 kW.

At the 23.45 of October of 1955, 2 the ENIAC was disabled forever.

AIDS

2008-05-05T18:31:00.011+02:00

AIDS is an infectious disease. It's caused by HIV. Modes of transmission of AIDS:

Sexual transmission
Blood transmission
Mother to child transmission

There is a tratament for this disease but it doesn't have a cure. The healthy habits to prevent this disease are:

Use the condom in the sex
Don't use intravenons drugs
Visit your doctor regularly

The HIV was discovered in 1981 bu Luc Montagnier. It was discovered in France. The AIDS is a very bad disease. The sintoms of the AIDS are:

Extreme Tiredness
Fever
It damages the immunological system.
Loss of weight
Diarrhea

AIDS ______> name of the disease

HIV ______> Human Inmunodeficiency Virus. Virus that causes AIDS.

Multiple Sclerosis

2008-05-05T15:17:00.003+02:00

Multiple sclerosis is an autoinmune disease. Although many risk factors for multiple sclerosis have been identified, no definitive causes have been found. M.S likely occurs as a result of some combination of both environmental and genetic factors.

Treatment for this disease: although there is no cure for multiple sclerosis, several therapies have proven helpful.

HEPATITIS B

2008-05-01T15:45:00.002+02:00

The hepatitis B is an infectious disease. The pathogen that causes it is a virus (HBV= Hepatitis B Virus).

The hepatitis B is transmited through contact with the blood, the semen or another corporal liquid of a infected person and from mother to child.

Symptoms: fever, fatigue, muscle or joiny pain, loss of appetite, mild nausea and vomiting, yellow eyes...

There are treatments that help slow the progresion of disease by slowing down the virus, although not all people with chronic hepatitis B need treatment.

The disease can be prevented with a safe and effective vaccine. To prevent it, not sharing needles, razors, nail clippers, toothbrushes and earring or body rings, used sterile needles in acupuncture, tatoo...

Osteoarthritis

2008-04-30T17:17:00.004+02:00

This disease isn´t infections and it is autoinmune.

Its causes are:

-Fever rheumatism (inflamation acute of articulations).

-A cartilage wears down, bone rubs on bone, damaging the bones and causing pain.

The symptomes are:

-Inflamation

-Pain

-Limitation of movement

-Debility

-Fever

-Deformity of the hands, foots, hips, ankles, wrists and shoulders.

There is no cure for osteoarthritis.Some osteoarthritis medications are common anti-inflamatory medication, for example, the aspirin.Only, physiotherapy and rehabilitation, if the osteoarthritis is very serious.

Diabetes

2008-04-30T17:02:00.005+02:00

Diabetes is a non infectious and metabolic disease.The cause of this disease is that the pancreas makes little insulin or that it makes insulin of poor quality.

The signs and symptons of diabetics are:

-Excesive thirst

-Frequent urination

-Excesive hunger

-Weight loss

-Fatigue

-Changes in vision

-Slow-healing cuts or infections

-Persistent itching of the skin

The treatment consists on the administration of insulin, elimination of the glucose of the diet or use of oral antidiabetics. There are healthy habits can help to prevent it: physical exercise and control of the diet.

The ibm pc

2008-04-25T17:07:00.005+02:00

In july of 1.980 IBM ( international bussines machine ), created the ibm pc, the personal computer most successful of all time.The start of this decade marked this rising tensions of the cold war.Also, made public the existence of AIDS.
This success was not expected by IBM because ibm created the computer fastly and buying components of low-end to other manufactures so that ibm pc didn´t absorb part of the market from more powerful computers ibm.The operating system on the ibm pc was hired to microsoft.
During the years 1.980 IBM forged four nobel prizes.

REPERCUSSION IN THE DAILY LIFE:

-With the marketing of the pc, informatics stopped being a hidder and mysterious science without any regard for the majority of people, to become a handy utility.Later we had to depend on it.

What do you think?

2008-04-21T21:53:00.003+02:00

Is there any truth in this? How can imagination help scientists? Your opinions, please

Electron

2008-04-21T15:12:00.004+02:00

The discovery the electron was made in 1897 by J. J. Thomson at the Cavendich Laboratory at Cambridge University (England), while he was studying cathode ray tubes.

The electron is a fundamental subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge.
Electrons make up atoms together with protons and neutrons. When the electrons are not part of the structure of atoms are moving freely in vacuum. When free electrons move, there is a net flow of charge, and this flow called electric current

Electrons have an electric charge of -1,602x10-19 coulumb and a mass of 9.11x10-31 Kg.

In everyday live the electrical current in our homes is caused by electrons moving. The cathode ray of a television is based on in a electron beam.
In industry the electron beams are used in solders.
In medicine is used in radiation therapy for treatment of superficial tumours…

DNA

2008-03-07T16:24:00.004+01:00

The Swiss doctor Friedrich Miescher (1844-1895) discovered DNA in 1869, the same year that Darwin published “The Origin of Species”.
Miescher discovered DNA for first time. DNA is the main component of genetic material in most living beings. The components of DNA are nucleotides, formed by acid, desoxirribose and nitrogenous bases.The substance that Miescher discovered is white, sweet, slightly acid and has phosphorus. He found it in the pus in the bandages and in the salmon sperm.
Its name is nuclein because he found it in the cell nucleus. The discovery improved a lot the development of Molecular Biology Science.

In 1953 Watson and Crick discovered the Double Helix Structure of DNA. Each molecule of DNA is formed by two chains which have got a lot of nucleotides. These chains form a sort of twisted stair called Double Helix.

DISCOVERIES: GENETICS

2008-03-06T15:13:00.004+01:00

What: The laws of the heredity ( “Mendel´s Laws” ).

Who: Gregor Johann Mendel.

When: In 1865.
15th of April: is assassinated with a firing in the head the president Abraham Lincoln by the actor John Wilkes Booth.

How: Mendel studied during years, plants of peas of different species and their descendants, and he observed that many characters were transmit of a plant to the following one.
He came to the conclusion that the living creatures transmit their characters to the descendents (this explains the similarity of the children to parents).
Mendel is known like the father of the genetics.

Genetics is the part of Biology that studies the heredity and its variations.
Today, the genetics can be applied to create more resistant organisms to plagues, eradicate diseases, clone creatures choose the sex, fertilization in vitro, etc…

2008-03-04T12:26:00.001+01:00

Theory of evolution

Charles Robert Dawin(12/2/1809-19/4/1882),he was a British biologist that sat down the bases of the modern theory from the evolution when outlining the concept of evolution of the species through a slow process of natural selection.

TRAVEL IN THE BEAGLE(27/12/1831-2/10/1836)
After graduating in Cambridge in 1831, the young Darwin signed up to the 22 years in the recognition ship HMS Beagle like naturalistic without pay, thank you in great measure to the recommendation of Henslow, to undertake a scientific expedition around the world. The expedition lasted five years and it picked up data in the water, geologic and meteorological in South America and other many places.The observations of Darwin took him to develop the theory of the natural selection.

THE THEORY OF THE EVOLUTION DE DARWIN
The observations told him that the life is evolution and that some species originate of others.

The evolutionary theory or darwinismo are summed up in the following points:
1ºThe forms of life are not static but rather they evolve;the species change continually, unite they originate and others of they extinguish.
2ºThe process of the evolution is gradual, slow and continuous, without discontinuous jumps or sudden changes.
3ºThe similar organisms are related and they descend of a common ancestor.All the alive organisms can go back to an only origin common of the life.
4ºThe natural selection is the key, in two phases that he/she explains the whole system.
The first phase is the production of variability: the generation of spontaneous modifications in the individuals.
The second, the selection through the survival in the fight for the life: the individuals better gifted, those that have been born with favorable spontaneous modifications to make in front of the environment will have more possibilities to survive, of reproducing and of leaving descendant with these advantages.

The points 1º and 3º were accepted by most of scientific serious.
The point 2º followed trajectories you give same.
The point 4º have been the most discussed one as much for biologists as for philosophers.

The rabies vaccine

2008-03-02T10:57:00.001+01:00

The rabies is a serius illness of the central nervous system. It affects the mammals, including humans. It is caused by a virus which is transmitted through the saliva.

The rabies vaccine is one medicine which is inserted into the organism by injection. It’s used for avoiding and attacking the disease.

The discoverer of the vaccine was Louis Pasteur. He was born on 7th December 1822 in Xura (France). He was interested in chemistry (although in school he wasn’t very brilliant). He was a teacher of chemistry in Strasburg (1847-1853). He was the discoverer of several vaccines, and the rabies was one of them (it was the most important). Pasteur died in 1895, ten years after he discovered the vaccine.

On 4th June 1885, a 9 year old boy, Joseph Meister, was bitten by his dog, which had rabies. His parents took him to Pasteur. If Pasteur didn’t do anything, the boy would die with a lot of pain. Pasteur injected the vaccine during 11 days so as to help the body of the boy to form the necessary defenses. The boy finally survived and Pasteur was the miracle man. It was 123 years ago in Paris (France) and in this year:

· France conquered Madagascar.
· King Alfonso XII died (Spain)

Since 1885 the vaccine of Pasteur has saved many lives. Nowadays if we are bitten by a rabious dog, we don’t die of rabies. Thanks to this discovery thousands of people have survived.

THE VOLTAIC PILE

2008-02-25T16:43:00.001+01:00

Alessandro Volta was born in 1745, in Como (Lombardia). In the year 1800 (century XIX) started doing his experiments when Luigi Galvani discovered what two different metals and the frog muscle produces eletricity. Alessandro Volta discovered that two different metals (zinc and silver) and a cardboard with water also produces electricity. The voltaic pile consist of thirty discs separated by cardboard with water.

Present aplications: battery, lantern, toys, clocks, mobile telephone, mp3, camera, portable computer...

The Radio

2008-02-25T12:02:00.002+01:00

The Radio

G. Marconi is considered the inventor of the radio, of radiotelegraphy, to be precise (wireless telegraphy).

In 1.896 he sent the first radio signals and in 1.903 he managed to establish communication between Europe and America.

One of the historical facts that contributed to the birth of the radio was the emergency call sent by the Titanic in 1.912. It soon became a means of mass communication.

Other former discoveries that had an influence in the invention of the radio were:

- The telegraph,invented by Morse.

- The telephone, invented by Bell.

- The electromagnetic waves,discovered by H. Hertz.

Marconi's work helped later other inventions such as TV (1.926) created by J. Logie Baird.

Aplications and uses of the radio:

- Save human lives in diseases.
- Entertain, inform, communicate..
- Space missions, building of satelites...

Tania Sabín Salgado 3º C

The atmospheric pressure

2008-02-23T13:52:00.002+01:00

The atmospheric pressure is the weight of air above the Earth's surface. The atmospheric weighs 1013 mp, 1 amt or 760mmhg. The atmospheric pressure it was inventes for Torricelli was discovered by a physicist and a mathematician Italian. In the 1643 it was discovered, in Florence.

It was discovered that Torricelli took a glass tube about one metre in length and filled witn mercury. Keeping the tube closed with mercury a finger, and introduced invested in a crock with mercury. When removing the finger found that the metal fell into a column whose height was 14 times lower than obtained when conducting the experiment with water. as I knew that mercury was 14 times heavier than water, deduced that boht columns fliud were supported equally counter weight, suspecting that only air was capable of doing such a force.

THE TRAIN

2008-02-22T18:53:00.010+01:00

In 1803, Richard Trevithick invented the first steam engine at pressure and the first engine locomotive because he observed that it has more potency than the atmospheric pressure engines used until this moment.

Nine years later, in 1812, John Blenkinsop invented the first locomotive. It was a rack train, the railway have teeth that hook with the wheel. He believed that the wheels smooth slides on the railway also smooth.

Many years later, in 1879, Werner Von Siemens invented the first electric train. It was dragged by an electric locomotive. He unrolled a system for transmit electricity at locomotive.

In 1897 Frank Sprague invented the diesel train, he invented this, for that the train doesn’t have to a separately locomotive.

The invention of the train have many repercussions in the everyday life: At beginning of the modern age of the railway the traffic of travellers increased of surprising way. The coal and others merchandises were transporting of one station at other than by others transports and the receipts increase.

THE DYNAMITE

2008-02-20T19:04:00.005+01:00

Alfred Nobel was a swede chemist that found the important prizes called Nobel.In 1867 he invented the dynamite.Also, in this year be born a important scientific called Marie Curie and other scientific called Michael Faraday die.

His investigation started later of the death of him brother because an explosion of nitroglycerine.He wanted to control these explosions.This way he created the dynamite, a plastic explosive that result of absorb the nitroglycerine on a porous material.

The dynamite remplaced at the nitroglycerine in demolitions and at the mining.Also, it was used for stuffing of the projectiles of artillery and stuffing of charge of military demolitions.Now, the dynamite was remplaced for anothers explosives because there were problems with its storage and with the production of nitroglycerine for its manufacture.

The Earth layers

2008-01-09T20:45:00.000+01:00

The planet Earth is like a great globe formed by several materials with different density and different physical states, which are located forming concentric layers:

1- We live in the solid part, called the Lithosphere, or the earth’s crust.

2- This crust is covered in its three fourth parts by water: oceans and seas. This mass of water is the Hydrosphere.

3- Covering the Lithosphere and the Hydrosphere, there is a gaseous layer, called the Atmosphere which is made up of different layers:

-The Troposphere is the nearest the earth surface and where the weather happens.
-Above this layer is the Stratosphere where the Ozone layer is.
-Above the Stratosphere is the Ionosphere formed by ionized gases

4- The Endosphere is the layer below the lithosphere and goes down to the interior of the Earth.

Online Physics lessons from the Massachussets Institute of Technology

2007-12-23T18:57:00.000+01:00

Professor Lewin delivers his lectures with the panache of Julia Child bringing French cooking to amateurs and the zany theatricality of YouTube’s greatest hits. He is part of a new generation of academic stars who hold forth in cyberspace on their college Web sites and even, without charge, on iTunes U, which went up in May on Apple’s iTunes Store.

In his lectures at ocw.mit.edu, Professor Lewin beats a student with cat fur to demonstrate electrostatics. Wearing shorts, sandals with socks and a pith helmet — nerd safari garb — he fires a cannon loaded with a golf ball at a stuffed monkey wearing a bulletproof vest to demonstrate the trajectories of objects in free fall.

He rides a fire-extinguisher-propelled tricycle across his classroom to show how a rocket lifts off.
Last week, Yale put some of its most popular undergraduate courses and professors online free. The list includes Controversies in Astrophysics with Charles Bailyn, Modern Poetry with Langdon Hammer and Introduction to the Old Testament with Christine Hayes.

M.I.T. recently expanded its online classes by opening a site aimed at high school students and teachers. Judging from his fan e-mail, Professor Lewin, who is among those featured on the new site, appeals to students of all ages.
“We have here the mother of all pendulums!” he declares, hoisting his 6-foot-2, 170-pound self on a 30-pound steel ball attached to a pendulum hanging from the ceiling. He swings across the stage, holding himself nearly horizontal as his hair blows in the breeze he created.

The point: that a period of a pendulum is independent of the mass — the steel ball, plus one professor — hanging from it.

“Physics works!” Professor Lewin shouts, as the classroom explodes in cheers.

“Hi, Prof. Lewin!!” a fan who identified himself as a 17-year-old from China wrote. “I love your inspiring lectures and I love MIT!!!”
The professor, who is from the Netherlands, said that teaching a required course in introductory physics to M.I.T. students made him realize “that what really counts is to make them love physics, to make them love science.”

He said he spent 25 hours preparing each new lecture, choreographing every detail and stripping out every extra sentence.

“Clarity is the word,” he said.

The root of the plants

2007-12-18T18:37:00.000+01:00

QUIZ

1. Which is the part of the plant that absorbs substances from the ground?
a) The leaves.
b) The flowers.
c) The roots.
d) The stem.

2. Which the these is a type of root?
a) Graft.
b) Straight.
c) Short.
d) Green.

3. What do the hairs of the lower layer of the root absorb?
a) Water.
b) Nothing.
c) Mineral salts.
d) Water and mineral salts.

4. Different types of roots depend on...
a) Their form and colour.
b) Their colour and function.
c) Their form and function.
d) Their form.

5. Where are the secondary roots born?
a) From the flowers.
b) From the main roots.
c) From the leaves.
d) From the stem.

A Quiz by Tania

2007-12-18T18:24:00.000+01:00

The root of plants

Some illens relationed with food.

2007-12-17T17:09:00.000+01:00

The most frecuent illens relationed with nourishment are: malnutrition, obesity, anorexia and bulimia.

-Malnutrition: It's caused by a lack of nowishing meal due to a bad diet. This illens is the most important reasons of dead in the chidren in the process of developement countries.

-Obesity: It's about too much grease corporal, so; weigh is raised. This one is caused by an excessive consumption of energetic alimony specially greasy food and sweets. Moreover people don't practise gymnastics.

-Anorexia: People who suffer anorexia is afraid of putting on weight because they aren't able to see. How their body is really, so ; sick people see themselves very fat. Finally they give eating and this causes an extreme slimnes . People can die.

-Bulimia: It's produced beacause of an extreme worrying about weight. The ill person eats too much food and in adition he/she hides in orden not to be seen.

Grammar Tip: The and uncountable nouns

2007-12-17T15:56:00.000+01:00

Remember: Do not use THE when talking in general about uncountable names of substances/materials like oil, silver, aluminium, coke, pasta or cadmium

The magnesium and the potassium

2007-12-16T21:41:00.001+01:00

The magnesium is the chemical element of symbol Mg and atomic number 12. The atomic mass is of 24.31. It is the seven element in abundance constituting of the order of 2 % of the terrestrial bark and three more abundant dissolve in the water of sea. The ion magnesium is essential for all the alive cells. The pure metal is not find in the nature. Once produced from of the salts of magnesium, this alkaline-terrestrial metal is use as a element of alloy.

The potassium is a chemical element of the periodic table which symbol is K (of the Latin Kalium) and which atomic number is 19. It is an alkaline metal, white-silver what abound in the nature, in the elements related to the salt water and other minerals. It oxidi rapid in the air, is very a reagent, specially in water, and looks chemical the sodium. It is a chemical element essential.

THE OIL

2007-12-16T16:28:00.000+01:00

Once extracted the oil is transported across pipelines and immediately petroleum ships up to the refineries. These are industrial plants where efectua the transformation of the crude oil in finished products.

In the refineries, the oil separates by means of distillation divided in groups of compounds that have a similar size.

The by installments distillation consists of the separation of two components different from the oil as susdiferentes points of evaporation. For it a tower of division is in use.

· The crude oil enters the base and is to top temperatures to 400ºC and begins to boil.

· The components more heavy stay in the low part of the tower.

· Less heavy others rise only up to certain height and there they become condensed and are extracted.

·Despues, every fraction can be submitted to new processes to obtain his last components

·The componientes mas liegeros rise up to the top zone of the tower where they are extracted.

2007-12-15T20:23:00.000+01:00

METALS

1) COOPER:

- Colour: red.

- Characteristics:
- Malleable.
- Good electricity conductor.

- Uses:
- Wires that carry electricity.
- Pipes.
- Decoration.

2) SILVER:

- Colour: white.

- Characteristics: It’s the best electricity conductor.

- Uses:
- Jewellery.
- Electrodes for electrolysis.

3) GOLD:

- Colour: yelow.

- Characteristics:
- Heavy.
- Malleable.

- Uses:
- Jewellery.
- Ornaments.

4) PLATINUM:

- Colour: silver white.

- Characteristics:
- Very heavy.
- Hard/ tough.

- Uses:
- Jewellery.
- Electrodes.

5) MERCURY:

- Colour: silver white.

- Characteristics:
- A lot of metals are dissolved in it.
- Toxic.

- Uses: It was used to make thermometers, barometers, etc.

6) ZINC:

- Colour: bluish-white.

- Characteristics: easily broken/fragile.

- Uses:

- To make galvanized iron.
- Cans, jerry cans...
- An alloy of cooper and zinc in brass.

7) TIN:

- Colour: white.

- Characteristics: soft and malleable.

- Uses:
- Soldering.
- To make tinplates.
- Alloys (bronze).

8) LEAD:

- Colour: grey.

- Charasteristics: It melts easily.

- Uses:
- Welding.
- To make bullets, cannon balls, pellets,...

9) ALUMINIUM:

- Colour: silver white.

- Charasteristics: light and malleable.

- Uses:
- To make planes and other vehicles.
- Utensils.

10) URANIUM:

- Colour: dark dun or black with yellow or green spots.

- Characteristics:
- Heavy.
- Radioactive.

- Uses: nuclear energy.

11) IRON:

- Colour: grey (mild iron).

- Characteristics: When it’s outdoors it goes rusty quickly.

- Uses:
- Building materials.
- Boilermaking, etc.

Oxygen

2007-12-15T20:21:00.000+01:00

OXYGEN

There is planty of it in the lithosphere and the hydrosphere, more than any other element. It can be mixed with air and it can be combined with water and with many other minerals.

· PROPERTIES: It’s a colourless, odeorless and tasteless gas and lightly water soluble. Oxygen has a great chemical activity, that’s why it can react with hearly all elements forming a lot of combinations that are in general called oxides.
It is essential for the breathing process in living things.
You can find it in two ways: normal oxygen, this one has its molecules formed with two atoms of oxygen and ozone, its molecules have three oxygen atoms.

· HOW TO OBTAIN IT: It can be obtained in laboratories in a very easy way, heating chlorine potassium.
For industry applications, big quantities of oxyegn can be obtained from air and from water.

· APPLICATIONS: Planty of oxyegn is used in autogenous welding. It’s also used in medicina, for diving, for climbing,…

2007-12-15T20:14:00.000+01:00

THE ROOT OF THE PLANTS

The root of the plants is the part of the plant that pays attention to the ground to which it is nourished. But at the present time the botanists affirm that a difference between root and stem does not exist. We could speak of the root as of the part of the plant that absorbs substances of the ground.

The end of the root is covered by the layer or caliptra, followed of another cap with absorbent hairs that allow to the acquisition of water and mineral salts. When the plant ages, these hairs fall. The secondary roots are born of the main root.

Different types from roots, depending of their form and function exist: when they work like reserve organs, the main root sinks in the ground. Also roots with ramifications that extend in beams and aerial roots in plants exist that are not fixed in the ground... In addition we can hear other terms referred to the types by roots: fibrous, graft, napiforme, to columnar...

CALCULATION OF THE DEFORMACIÓN FORCE ONE THAT PRODUCED IN WHARF

2007-12-15T13:36:00.000+01:00

You need this:

Wharf

Bracket

A walnut

A metal bar

Portweights

Weights

Paper
Tape

How to make the experience:

Build a rule of paper and set this rule to the metal bar of the apparatus. Thus it is vertical.

Hang wharf bar and then suspended portapesas at the end of the dock. Notes on the scale length and write their values.

Hang the wharf with different weights (25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 g) and enter what is its length reaches the wharf with each of the weights.

You can make this experience anywhere with these elements and these steps. It is a curious experience and funny.

The oil

2007-12-14T16:02:00.001+01:00

Oil is a fossil fuel. Its colour is brown.It was formed many years ago. Organic matter made of the remains of little animals formed a deposit in the bottom and was covered by a thick layer of sediment.

The conditions to favour the formation of oil are:

-Not very much deep sea, with many nutrients.

-Sediments.

-Not much movement of water in the bottom.

The products formed by oil to appear in the three states of matter:

-Liquid: raw

-Solid: tarmac

-Gaseous: natural gas

Some adrift of oil are:

-Tarmac

-Gas

-Petrol

Bulimia and anorexia

2007-12-14T15:50:00.000+01:00

Bulimia is a mental disorder related to food.The person who has it eats a lot of food in a short time. Then, she thinks she is fat and feels guilty. The person induces vomit and expels the food that she has ingested.
Anorexia is a similar illness, but it consists in not eating anything.These people think that their weight is very high.
These two illnesses can end up in death but many times they have cure becouse now, there are specialized clinics.

Dissolutions

2007-12-12T19:09:00.000+01:00

Hi!

I'm going to write about dissolutions.

Dissolutions are mixtures which are formed by dissolute and solvent. Amount of dissolute has to be smaller then amout of solvent. There are two kinds of dissolutions : homogeneous dissolutions and heterogeneous dissolutions.

In homogeneous dissolutions we can't recognize their component.

We can preparate dissolutions at the laboratory when we study chemistry.

Bye!

[ Instruments to measure the temperature ]

2007-12-12T19:08:00.000+01:00

The thermometers are a instruments that measure the temperature.

There are three types of thermometres:

●Alcohol thermometre of laboratory.

●Clinical thermometers of mercury.

●Thermometer of alcohol of environment.

To measure the temperature,there are two scales:

● The centigrade temperature scale or celsius: in this scale,the unit is a centigrade degree (ºC).

● The scientific use the Kelvin scale.In this scale,the unit is the Kelvin (K).One kelvin has got the same size that a centigrade degree,but the cero of Kelvin scale is -273ºC and yourname is absolute cero.

To transform one value of a scale to other is easy:Kelvin temperature = centigrade temperature+273

THE SIMPLE DISTILLATION

2007-12-12T18:54:00.000+01:00

Is in use for separating a dissolution formed by two liquids depending on her different boiling-points.

When one makes boil the dissolution contained in the flask, the volatile solvent that has a minor boiling-point, it evaporates and leaves in the flask a residue of soluto not volatile.

To gather the solvent like that evaporated, one makes him happen for a condenser in the one that circulates cold water. There there becomes condensed the steam, which falls down in a glass.

Physics and Chemistry

2007-12-12T17:50:00.000+01:00

Physics is the science of matter and its motion, as well as space and time the science that deals with concepts such as force, energy, mass and charge. As an experimental science, its goal is to understand the natural world.

Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. Chemistry is a physical science related to studies of various atoms, molecules and crystals.

filtration

2007-12-12T16:56:00.000+01:00

Filtration is the process of removing suspended solids from water by passing the water
through a permeable fabric or porous bed of materials. Groundwater is naturally filtered
as it flows through porous layers of soil. However, surface water and groundwater under
the influence of surface water is subject to contamination from many sources. Some
contaminants pose a threat to human health, and filtration is one of the oldest and
simplest methods of removing them. Federal and state laws require many water systems
to filter their water. Filtration methods include slow and rapid sand filtration, diatomaceous
earth filtration, direct filtration, packaged filtration, membrane filtration, and
cartridge filtration.

Helium

2007-12-12T16:13:00.000+01:00

Helium is one of the so-called noble gases. Helium gas is unreactive, colourless, and odourless. Helium is available in pressurised tanks.
Elemental helium is a colourless odourless monoatomic gas. Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen. α particles are doubly ionised helium atoms, He2+.
Helium is used in lighter than air balloons and while heavier than hydrogen, is far safer since helium does not burn. Speaking after breathing an atmosphere rich in helium results in a squeaky voice (don't try it!).

THE OIL

2007-12-12T14:53:00.000+01:00

The oil is a fossil fuel of black color and oily aspect that impregnates certain rocks.Create it does million years from organic matter contained in the remains of small animals, algae and other beings who died in the sea, they settled in the fund and, little by little, they were covering of a dense cap of materials. For lack of osigeno did that they were increasing, multiplying in number, the anaerobic bacteria that make ferment the organic matter.

The conditions that favor the creation of the oil are:
- Slightly deep and rich seas in nutrients.
- Fluvial contributions.
- Little water movement in the fund.

The majority of the oil is in the stock exchanges impregnating rocks. These finds are to thousands of meters of depth, because of it to extract the oil it is necessary to make a well and take it up to the surface.

Types of food

2007-12-10T21:14:00.000+01:00

Food energy: they are a source of energy for our bodies to function and do their vital functions. These are foods with glícidos and lipids. These foods are bread, chocolate, grease ...

Food plastics or trainers: They are required to form cells, tissues and organs. They are essential for nutrition and have many proteins. These foods are fish, meat, yogurth ...

Food regulators and protectors: they are essential to our body can use correctly other foods have many vitamins, minerals and water. These foods are fruits and vegetables.

Practise with Robbie Williams

2007-12-07T16:19:00.001+01:00

feeding and nutrition

2007-11-30T18:06:00.000+01:00

Nutrition is a process by which we obtain matter and energy.Nutrition is an involuntary and inconscious process.Diferents organs and systems intervene in it.
Nutrients are chemical substances from which we obtain energy.These nutrients are contained in the food.
Feeding is a conscious and voluntary act.

THE WHEEL OF THE FOOD

2007-11-30T16:27:00.000+01:00

The wheel of the food is a scheme that classifies the food in five groups:

Group 1 : regulatory food (fruit and vegetables). They contribute vitamins and minerals.

Group 2 : energetic food (bread, other cereals and potatoes). They contribute carbohydrates.

Group 3 : structural food (milk and derivatives). They contribute calcium and proteins.

Group 4 : structural food (meat, fish,eggs). They contribute proteins.

Group 5 : energetic food (food containing fats and food containing sugar). They contribute fats and carbohydrates.

A varied nourishment has to include food of all the groups of the wheel, in the adequate proportion.

FIND THE NUTRIENTS

2007-11-27T19:45:00.001+01:00

It is important to know that some foods fit into more than one nutrient group. The examples we have given are for foods that are particularly rich in these nutrients.

-This section belongs to Carbohydrates: cereal, potato, bread...
-This section belongs to Vitamins and Minerals: pineapple, strawberry, banana, lettuce,tomato...
-This section belongs to Calcium: yoghurt, cheese, milk...
-This section belongs to Fats: ace-cream, cookie, chocolat...
-This section belongs to Protein: fish, egg, flesh...

Neon

2007-11-27T18:39:00.000+01:00

Neon is the chemical elemnt that has the symbol Ne and atomic number 10.
Neon was discovered in United Kingdom by Ramsay and Travers.It´s a rare gaseous element: in the universe there is 0,13% of neon. It´s density is 0.9 g/l. Its melting point is -248.59°C and its boiling point -246.08ºC.
Uses:
Althought neon a advertising signs account for the bulk of its use, neon also functions in high-voltage indicators, lightning arrestors, wave meter tubes, and TV tubes. Neon and helium are used in making gas lasers. Liquid neon is now commercially available and is finding important application as an economical cryogenic refrigerant.

James Prescott Joule

2007-11-24T16:29:00.000+01:00

(1818 - 1889)
He was a very important physicist in his time. He´s famous by his investigation in electricity and thermodynamic.
Joule studied the nature of the heat and he discovered his connection with the mechanical work. This led him at the theory of energy´s conservation. It was the first law of thermodynamic. In his honour, the international unit of energy was call joule.
James discovered the connection of the electric current of the resistance with the evaporated heat, called Joule´s Law.
He cooperated with Thomson in the investigation of the cooling of gas.They discovered the Joule-Thomson´s Efect.

A scientist shares his thoughts on why research in the sciences matters

2007-11-22T22:53:00.000+01:00

Jesus Pando is a cosmologist at DePaul University in Chicago, Illinois. His research includes studying what’s called the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, the earliest light we can see, just 300,000 years after the Big Bang. Earth & Sky caught up with Dr. Pando at a meeting of the Society for the Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science. He said that basic research should be supported for more than just its immediate applications.

Jesus Pando: I think instead, you appeal to the poet, to the philosopher in people. People have always looked at the stars, and wondered what it was that was there. I think that everyone has curiosity. Everyone wants to know about the universe around them. And I think the way you justify basic research is that we are satisfying that curiosity that all of us, I think, have. All of us are interested in how life began. All of us are interested in how the universe began. All of us are interested in these kinds of things. And we’re interested in them certainly from a practical point of view, but also, I think, just because we’re curious people.

That was DePaul University cosmologist Jesus Pando.
Our thanks today to Research Corporation, America’s first foundation for science advancement

2007-11-21T19:52:00.000+01:00

Hi! teachers and students!
My first work of Physics and Chemistry is of the matter.
The matter is a one part that separates for to analyze the substances that it contais.

•State of the matter:
- Solid.
- Liquid.
-Gaseous.

•The aspect of matter:
-Heterogeneus: is this that don't represent one aspect uniform.
-Homogeneus: is this that represent one aspect uniform.

•Simple substances and compounds:
-Substance simple is one substance pure that is formed for only type of element.
-Compounds is one substance pure formed for two or more combined elements.

Scientists also play with words: have a go!

2007-11-13T21:42:00.000+01:00

Molecular level

2007-11-07T10:41:00.000+01:00

The molecules are links of different atoms. The possibility that there exists life based on other different chemistries is not known. The molecular level is till now the only one that one has found in space. The molecules that living beings form are known as organic macromolecules principles, and can be:
- organic: present especially in the alive matter. The organic macromolecules are: glícidos, lípidos, proteins and nucleicosacids .
- inorganic: presents in the alive matter and in the inert one. They are the water and you them work out mineral.

The class of Biology

2007-11-06T20:52:00.000+01:00

Hello! teachers and students.
My topic of this month is on the class of Biology.
The class is very cheerful but the subjet is difficult.
In class we study the cells , the organ sistem and the funcion(s) of this.
After we go to study the nourishment humanizes.
The class of Biology is bilingual. We speak in english but what we don't understand... we ask.
Now we are study the organ system:
- muscular.
- skeletal.
- nervous.
- endocrine.
- locomotor/muscoloskeletal.
- digestive.
- respiratory.
- urinary/excretory.
- circulatory.
- reproductive.

A drop of lemon to cheer up the blog

2007-11-04T19:11:00.001+01:00

The cell: his parts and his functions

2007-11-03T15:57:00.000+01:00

-CELL MEMBRANE: It allows the communication between the cell and his environment. It´s principal functions are: To protect the cell, to regulate the traffic of substances from the exterior and towards the interior of the cell.

-CYTOPLASM: It places between the plasmatic membrane and the nucleus. In it they find the nutrients that managed to cross the plasmatic membrane to come to the organells of the cell.

-CITOESQUELETON: He contributes to the integrity of the cell defining his form and distribution. It plays a role very importantly both in the cellular division and in the transport between cells.

-NUCLEUS: It controle the cellular physiology, the nucleus has ovoid or rounded form. It contains the DNA or genetic code.

-RIBOSOMES: Their function is to create proteins from the information that comes to him from the DNA.

-GOLGI APPARATUS: It is shaped by a set of bladders. It´s function is to store temporarily the proteins and to intervene in the processes secretores of the cell.

-MITOCHONDRIA: they never remain static; they moving across, changing form and being fused by other mitochondria. Their principal function is to provide energy to him.

-CENTRIOLO: To the set two these it is named diplosoma, and plays an important role in the cellular division (mitosis)

2007-11-01T15:54:00.000+01:00

The role of water or of humidity in climatic cycles has already been proved. But we know far less about the role of salt. Yet it plays a vital part in the density of seawater, which conditions the direction of the currents. The SMOS satellilte, launched by ESA, tests soil moisture and ocean salinity.

2007-10-31T23:01:00.000+01:00

Basic physical science topics include:
-ASTRONOMY:the study of the universe and the planets.
-CHEMISTRY:the science dealing with the composition of substances.

Many of the earth sciences, including:

-GEOLOGY:It is the science that studies the land.
-HYDROLOGY:He studies the movement and the distribution of the water in the Earth.
-METEOROLOGY: The study of Earth's weather patterns and other atmospheric phenomena.
-OCEANOGRAPHY:the study of the ocean.
-SOIL SCIENCE:the study of the pedosphere.

LINK:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_science

2007-10-31T18:08:00.000+01:00

Nobel Prize on Physics 2007

The Frenchman Albert Fert and the German Peter Grünberg, Nobel prize of Physics for his discovery of the magneto - resistance Stockholm.The Frenchman Albert Fert and the German Peter Grünberg are the winners of the Nobel Prize on Physics 2007 for his discovery of the magneto - resistance, which has served to extract information of the hard disks of the computers, he communicated today the Royal(Real) Academy of Sciences of Sweden. The Nobel prize of Physics is endowed with 10 millions of co [Attention! Seul le début de votre texte a été traduit.] What´s this??

http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2007/

The greenhouse effect

2007-10-31T17:08:00.000+01:00

The atmosphere is formed by steam of water and carbon dioxide, between other gases which are transparent to the radiaton of the Sun.Nevertheless, when this radiation is emitted of return from the soil towards the exterior in the shape of heat, it is reflected partly again towards the Earth by these gases.The atmosphere behaves as a crystal, which supports the heat in his interior and helps to stabilize during millionyears the everage temperature of the planet (15ºC). If the greenhouse effect didn´t exist, the temperature of the Earth to fall some 30ºC.

SILVER

2007-10-31T15:04:00.000+01:00

The silver is a chemical element of atomic number 47 placed in the group 1b of the periodic table of the elements. His symbol is Ag. It is a metal of transition white, brilliant, soft, malleable and it is the best metallic driver of the heat and the electricity.
It is in the nature forming part of different minerals (usually in form of sulphide) or as free silver. It is very scanty in the nature of that represents one part in 10 millions of terrestrial bark. The most part of your production it is obtained as by-product of the treatment of the mines of cooper, zinc, plumb and gold. The metallurgy from his it minerals it is relized fundamentally by the cianuration.

biology and geology

2007-10-31T12:27:00.000+01:00

The
biology is the science that he studies the alive(vivacious) beings. The alive(vivacious) beings estan formed(trained) for: the atoms (though these estan formed by electrons, neutrons and protons), the cells, the tissues, the organs and the organisms(organisations).The geology is the sciensie that he studies the rocks

DNA

2007-10-30T20:21:00.000+01:00

The DNA is inside the nucleus of the cells of the organisms.The deoxyribonucleic acid is the primary component of the chromosomes and the material of which the genes are formed, essential to transmit the vital information of all the alive beings.

The DNA was discovered by Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins and James Watson.These three scientists were rewarded by his discovery with the Nobel Prize on Medicine or Physiology in 1962.

A very organic lesson

2007-10-28T18:38:00.000+01:00

Today our lesson is about organs and organ systems.

We already know that when cells work together to perform a particular job they form a tissue. Well, when two or more tissues associate to perform some function, we have an organ, and when different organs work together they form a system. Your task today is to get familiar with the different organs and systems of the human body. You may start by writing the name of the main organ systems on the worksheets I've handed out to you. Then look for information about their function and their main organs by clicking on the following links:

http://vilenski.org/science/humanbody/hb_intro.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/

http://warriors.warren.k12.il.us/dburke/bodyindex.htm

http://kidshealth.org/kid/

You may also try to solve some of the riddles in the previous entry...

Riddles

2007-10-18T22:27:00.000+02:00

I am a muscle
like music, I have a beat
What am I?

Click here for more human body riddles!

Some Biology topics to write about...

2007-10-18T19:21:00.000+02:00

Hello everybody! Just in case you haven't decided what to write about, here you are some suggestions for your essays on Biology:

Humans are just one of the millions of living beings on Earth. Do you know what do all living things have in common? How can we classify them?

Perhaps you remember we left an unresolved question in one of our lessons: Which is the largest organ in the human body? Why not investigate the answer and tell us about it? Has it surprised you?

Still about size: Which is the largest and the smallest cell in the human body?

Is there any difference between animal and plant cells? (I can advance the answer to you: YES, THERE IS! Investigate about it)

The English scientist Robert Hooke was the first person who observed cells under the microscope, and he invented the word "cell". Find out about his life and career.

Of course these are only hints in case you need them. Any other topic you choose will be fine.

Chat in the blog!!!XD

2007-10-16T18:45:00.002+02:00

- Hello Patry!! What do you think about the Bilingual Section?
- Hi, Andrea!!! The Bilingual Section is very difficult.
- What is the most difficult? Biology or Physics.
- Is much more difficult Physics, because I don’t understand.
- Ok. I like much the Biology, because I like nature and the human body.
- Good bye Andrea!!
- Good bye!!

2007-10-16T18:45:00.001+02:00

My first impressions on the bilingual section:

I thought that this was is very difficult; but now I think it is much easy.
Thought my pronunciation is very bad I can understand well. The exercises was difficult but now the exercises is easy.

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell main.html

My first impressions on the bilingual section

2007-10-16T18:45:00.000+02:00

I thought that this was very difficult. But now, I think what is more easy. Sometimes, I don’t understand everything my teacher says, but I learn new words every day. My teachers speak to me in English and I answer in English too. The exercises are in English and this is sometimes hard. I writing the truth, I don’t like science and I don’t like biology. But I hope that this experience makes me change my opinion.

[ ..TaniuSkinha..*

Let´s get started

2007-10-04T15:46:00.000+02:00

Science through English.English through Science. This is our goal.
Here is a group of 15 students of 3ºESO at the IES Fernando Esquío in Neda (A Coruña,Spain) who are being taught Biology and Physics following CLIL, that is to say, using English to do so. They are lucky to have science teachers who are willing and able to start this adventure, and this blog will try to be the screen where they can project their findings, their questions, their creations...
To start with, click for a beautiful exhibition on Art and Science

And remember Leonardo da Vinci