The batteries.

The first battery was made by Alessandro Volta in 1799. This was a series of pairs of discs of zinc and copper, separated from each other by pieces of cardboard or felt impregnated water.
The battery more used is a battery Lenclanché. This battery was formed by a solution of ammonium chloride in which electrodes are immersed zinc and coal, cover for a paste of manganese dioxide and carbon dust.
The Batteries are a primary generator. This energy is accessible through two terminals that have the battery, called poles, electrodes, or terminals. One is the positive pole or the other is anode and the negative terminal or cathode. The fundamental structure of a battery consists of pieces of two different metals brought into a liquid conductor of electricity.

MELANOMA

It is a non infectious and cell proliferation disease. There are two types: the malignant melanoma or melanocarcinome and the benign melanoma or pigmentary nevus.
The risk factors in the melanocarcinome are: sunbathing in excess and without solar protection, contact with UVA and UVB rays, suffering important sunburns frequently in the infancy, a family history with this disease or having many spots. The pigmentary nevus disease is congenital.
The treatments for the melanocarcinome are surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy and for the pigmentary nevus plastic surgery.
To prevent this disease you must protect yourself from the sun, UVB and UVA rays, use sunglasses and hats. You mustn’t sunbathe from 12h to 17h. You must supervise the growth of the spots because they can be malignant.
There is a ruler called A,B,C,D for checking the melanomas: Assymetry of their edges, Irregular Border, Different Colour and Diameter superior to 6 mm.

TUBERCULOSIS

Tuberculosis is an infections disease produced by several mycobacterium classes such as as bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

It usually affects the lungs first, but it may spread to other organs.

This disease is transmited by the saliva by people infected with pulmonary tuberculosis during the respiratory efforts like the cough, when speaking, singing or sneezing.

The symptoms of tuberculosis are: weight loss, fever, night sweats and loss of appetite, although the symptons of this disease depend on the organ affected. The treatment for the tuberculosis consists of a lot of antibotics, like the isoniazid ,which should be taken from six to nine months. The healthy habits that can help us to prevent the tuberculosis are the vaccination with vacine BCG and others like cover the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, if the people are infected.

Steam Engine

Steam Engine is an external-combustion heat engine that converts heat energy in steam to mechanical energy.
The first Steam Engine was invection per Eduard Somerset in 1663, since the Somerset's model was build in London a model called "Vauxhall" in 1665 in London. This project was to raise the water to the homes lighest in the construction.

In this year (1663-65):
- Battle of Villaviciosa, Alfonso VI of Portugal beat Felipe IV of Spain.
- Begin's reign of Carlos II of Spain.

The Steam Engine was very important for the industrial revolution and for the Steam Locomotive. In the actuality his mechanism is used in nuclear reactors.

The First Genetically Modified Human Embryo:

The First Genetically Modified Human Embryo: Advance or Abomination?
By Brandon Keim EmailMay 12, 2008 | 10:58:22 AMCategories: Bioethics, Biotechnology, Reproduction

Scientists have created the first genetically modified human embryo.

What does this mean to you?

Led by Nikica Zaninovic, researchers at Cornell University added a green fluorescent protein to an embryo left over from assisted reproduction. They destroyed the embryo five days later. It is believed to be the first documented genetic modification of a human embryo.

British newspaper The Times reports that Zaninovic's feat was announced at the American Society for Reproductive Medicine annual meeting in 2007, but was only publicized recently when the United Kingdom's reproductive technology regulators reviewed the research. The House of Commons is about to consider legislation permitting this and other controversial reproductive technologies, such as the creation of chimeras -- human-animal hybrid embryos.

The research raises a number of thorny ethical questions. Though adding a fluorescent protein was not aimed at enhancement, but rather to illuminate developing embryos, scientists say that modified embryos could be used to research human diseases. They say embryos wouldn't be allowed to develop for more than a few weeks, much less implanted in a woman and brought to term.

If the embryos were allowed to develop, genetic modifications -- which would be permanent and passed to future generations -- might prevent disease. Modifications might also be used for other reasons -- physical appearance, intellectual prowess, personality -- though the necessary science remains hypothetical at this point. Developing such techniques would necessarily entail trial-and-error and risk-taking with human life.

David King, director of Human Genetics Alert, a bioethics watchdog group, told The Times that

"This is the first step on the road that will lead to the nightmare of designer babies and a new eugenics. The HFEA is right to say that the creation and legalisation of GM embryos raises ‘large ethical and public interest issues’ but neglects to mention that these have not been debated at all."

So let's have that debate. What do you think, Wired Science readers? Should genetically modified embryos be used in research, but not reproduction? Both? Neither?

The Smallpox

The smallpox is an infectous disease that is caused by the virus of the smallpox. Smallpox normally spreads through contact with infectted persons. There isn`t any medicine but there is a vacine. The symthomes are that appear raised bumps, on the face and body of an infected person.

telephone

The telephone is a device of telecommunication designed to transmit vocal signs by means of electrical signs. For a long time Alexander Graham Bell was considered to be the inventor of the telephone. This happen in 1876. On June 11, 2002 the Congress of The United States approved the resolution 269, by which was admitted that the inventor of the telephone had been Antonio Meucci, who called it television, and not Alexander Graham Bell. In 1871 Meucci only it could, for economic difficulties, present a brief description of his invention, but not formalize the patent before the Office of Patents of USA.

Barbara Lamas Rey

3ºB nº8